Epilepsy in the dog is a functional disease of the brain characterized by convulsions or seizures, usually of short duration (not more than 5 minutes), and apparently similar to epilepsy in man. It appears to be hereditary in the dog, usually becoming apparent between 6 months and 5 years of age. Nearly all breeds have been affected.

Often three distinct phases of the seizure episode can be recognized by the owner or veterinarian. The first phase is a brief period before the seizure occurs, during which the affected animal seems overly anxious. This phase is generally less than one minute in duration. The second phase is when the actually seizure occurs. Usually, each attack is different and can range from a mild muscle spasm to a severe convulsion with the elimination of stool and urine. Loss of consciousness may or may not occur. There is usually little danger in handling most animals during a seizure, but one should avoid the mouth area because accidental bites can occur. The third phase occurs immediately after the seizure and is characterized by confusion, weakness, and rapid breathing.

Many epileptic dogs become worse if not controlled, so your pet should be brought to your veterinarian if a seizure has occurred. Your veterinarian will take a good history, examine your pet, and probably recommend diagnostic tests to rule out other causes of seizures. If the exam and tests come back negative and your dog fits the profile, epilepsy will probably be diagnosed and medication will be prescribed to help reduce the incidence of the seizures. The important step is to recognize there is a problem and seek help as soon as possible.

The writers are Dr. Steven B. Holzman, Dr. William R. Haagenson and Dr. Kathleen Tapley. They are associated with the Nassau-Suffolk Veterinary Hospital of Farmingdale.